Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. Papastamou, S., Gardikiotis, A., and Prodromitis, G. For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). Minority influence and political interest groups, in The Social Psychology of Politics. The field took notice. (New York: Academic Press), 175192. Psychol. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. To orient research toward social change, a research agenda is presented, along with a few illustrative studies. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door Since majorities are often unconcerned about what minorities think about them, minority influence is thus rarely based on normative social influence. Minoritys success at effecting social change and ipso facto, majoritys failure to prevent it, should influence not only their reactions toward the group but also their capacity to further argue their positions. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. It cannot be a goal in and of itself. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). What kind of social influence can. Psychol. Front. (2009). 2. eds. From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shaver (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 334. 21.4: Majority Influence- Conforming To The Group Web-pooled knowledge -diverse perspectives -others can challenge us to think deeper and more creatively group decision making (disadvantages) -individuals have group goals besides E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Erlbaum), 193219. Brewer and M. Hewstone (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 136164. These initially created positions either remained stable throughout the groups interactions or were reversed when, halfway through the groups interactions, several opponents (supporters) switched their alliances to support (oppose) the participant. For example, the dynamic social impact model posits the strength, immediacy, and the number of sources of influence as three critical factors (Latan, 1996). R. M. Sorentino and E. T. Higgins (New York: Guilford Press), 2884. Br. Psychol. Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). Minority influence - Wikipedia Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation. Whereas most minorities seek social change, they do so for a variety of reasons that originate from a variety of disadvantageous social, economic, and psychological conditions. Learn to interpret the hidden meanings behind the themes of your dreams and nightmares. Psychol. This path to social change alters positions within a group but preserves the notion of a dominant position within the group. As a majority view gained the support of more members, individuals holding an opposite viewpoint were less able to influence the group. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 122159. Up to 5 incorrect questions that you can provide the reason as to why that answer is, Q#14 getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate ones core values, as compared to, getting no money to violate ones values should, Q#16 if you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest trend just to blend in with others, you. Indeed, the results revealed a significant linear increase in positive reactions toward the group over time. Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). Minority influence occurs when a minority group impacts the majoritys Bull. Take Psychologist World's 5-minute memory test to measure your memory. 88, 438453. Tindale, R. S., Nadler, J., Krebel, A., and Davis, J. H. (2004). His American nationalism was defiantly civic rather than only ethnic or racial in nature. Mugny, G., and Prez, J. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). (2009). (2010). eds. Levine, J. M., and Prislin, R. (2013). Our history shows that Americas demographic boundaries evolve with the countrys composition. P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. J. Pers. Soc. Vol. Give three examples of how the media can shape our conception of social reality? Contends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. Psychol. Pers. This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ________. J. Appl. Home 117, 497529. This form of influence has been used effectively by civil rights movements throughout the 20th Century to shape public opinion. As nothing stands still, any groups position is only temporary. Given the racialized nature of our political parties, it also has electoral consequences. They map on the reasons discussed earlier for strapping minority influence research in the Procrustean bed of the cognitive processing approach, which, along with serious logistic challenges, effectively eliminated time as a variable in this line of research. A minority opinion is also termed dissenting Justin Gest (@_JustinGest) is an associate professor of policy and government at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. 76, 10391053. Intergroup Relat. But by the time Americas initial majority minority milestone would have been reached, whiteness had been reinterpreted to incorporate the Irish, Italians, Jews and Slavs, such that the milestone was effectively postponed. The latter strategies are especially likely in the cases of mutual interdependence between majorities and minorities. The civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950s and 60s used minority influence to gain support for the equal rights of citizens, irrespective of race. Consider various human rights groups in history and in the present (civil rights movement in the 60s, LGBT rights, women's voting rights, Black Lives Matter, etc.). It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. Rev. There is no future in which white people disappear from America, but there is also no future in which the understanding of whiteness stays the same. Vol. (2001). The truth is, just as populations in the United States ebb and flow, the salience of racial and ethnic identities emerges and disappears. Psychol. Minority influence, in Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. (2000). doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420130103. doi: 10.1177/0146167202288008, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2002). On being influenced while trying to persuade: The feedback effect of persuasion outcomes to the persuader. Psychol. 16, 4373. This means that she is most likely to comply with which of the following requests? eds. These minorities, often primarily motivated to broaden their social acceptance, are likely to seek social change advocating for tolerance. It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. Research on group-decision making has elucidated the probability of any one faction prevailing as a function of types of decision tasks (Laughlin and Ellis, 1986), and shared cognitions and motivations (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Tindale et al., 2013), especially in the context of jury decision-making (Tindale et al., 2004), and organizational decision-making (De Dreu and West, 2001). Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. Because gains are experienced less intensely than the comparable losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), changes away from the minority position should elicit positive reactions that are weaker than negative reactions to changes away from the majority positions. In the immediate aftermath of social change, the new majority showed little attachment to the groupa finding consistent with previous studies (Prislin et al., 2000, 2002; Prislin and Christensen, 2002, 2005b). Yet, no amount of normative or pragmatic pressure can extinguish minorities. Social influence, conformity bias, and the study of active minorities, in Advances in Experimental social Psychology. Eur. The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. F. Butera and J. M. Levine (Cambridge University Press), 333353. Minority influence, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence. eds. Hewstone, M., and Martin, R. (2010). The country broadened the definition of white people enough to maintain power over African Americans and Asian people (and later Hispanics). ^Examples of minority-instigated social changes, and the literature as a whole, tend to romanticize minority influence (Hewstone and Martin, 2010). His masterful analysis of change in practically every domain of human activity invariably diagnosed minority influence in its origin. doi: 10.1177/1368430210395636. Bull. At best, and even that rarely, they are assessed twice, with a second assessment intended to detect the hypothesized delayed effect of minority influence on a focal point of its advocacy (David and Turner, 1996; Crano and Chen, 1998, Study 1; 1999). In a test of the above-mentioned hypothesis 2, variations in minority and majority sources persuasibility were examined as a function of their targets responsiveness to their influence appeals (Prislin et al., 2011). Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. Nemeth, C. J., and Walacher, J. Espousing a behavioral style characterized by temporal consistency, internal consensus, and autonomy and investment in their position, even at the price of reprisals, minorities present a force to be reconed with. Rev. The effects of majority size on minority influence. This discrepancy suggests that in the sphere of minority influence, as in many other spheres, interacting, mutually interdependent individuals react differently than solitary individuals processing social information. Lateral attitude change. Social influence can take numerous forms. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? 68, 520. Minorities have been pigeonholed, pathologized, stigmatized, and dismissed in a countless way (Moscovici, 1994, p. 239). With much of the competition between the races reducing itself to the warfare of the cradle, he wrote in 1894, no race has any chance to win a great place unless it consists of good breeders as well as of good fighters.. The Power of Minorities. The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment revealed how social roles can influence How Theodor Adorno's F-scale aimed to identify fascism and authoritarian How false memories are created and can affect our ability to recall events. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. Mackie, D. M. (1987). Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01088.x, Tanford, S., and Penrod, S. (1984). But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. S. Moscovici, G. Mugny, and V. Avermaet (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 113138. J. Pers. Psychol. There is no frontier anymore, but the grind of modern capitalism is just as stern a forge for fashioning American identity. Yet, even a cursory analysis of real life groups will show that this motive features prominently in social influence exchanges. Soon to win the White House, Theodore Roosevelt found these developments alarming. Emily is in a good mood. Vol. Nemeth, C. J. Real-life exampleswhere minority influence affects the majoritywithin a group include: 1. Majority and minority influence. - APA PsycNET But there also are examples of numerical, non-normative minorities who, while resisting influence from the majority, do not seek social change (e.g., Mennonites in several countries in North and South America). Vol. Two lines of research: One on group decision-making, and another on the impact that newcomers to groups make, provide alternative approaches to the study of minority influence.4 Within these lines of research, minority influence is addressed in the context of interacting groups, with minority and majority positions publicly advocated and hence, memberships in minority and majority factions actively experienced. Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis.