What were the major causes of the American Revolution? Britain's priorities shifted southward, attempting to hold the Southern states with the anticipated aid of Loyalists that never materialized. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men are created equal, though it was not until later centuries that constitutional amendments and federal laws would incrementally grant equal rights to African Americans, Native Americans, poor white men, and women. [67], The Spanish and the Dutch became allies of the French in 1779 and 1780 respectively, forcing the British to fight a global war without major allies, and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic. [200], The British did not give up their forts until 1796 in the Ohio country and Illinois country; they kept alive the dream of forming an allied indigenous nation there, which they referred to an "Indian barrier state". The exiles represented approximately two percent of the total population of the colonies. "Historiography" in Harold E. Selesky, ed., Hattem, Michael D. "The Historiography of the American Revolution", Shalhope, Robert E. "Toward a republican synthesis: the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October. British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City. Curtis P. Nettels, The Roots of American Civilization: A History of American Colonial Life (1938) p. 297. The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million, compared to $37 million by the central government. [35] The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies. Ce processus social et économique essentiel se déroula rapidement dans les décennies qui ont suivi la Révolution américaine. Ces derniers étaient davantage écossais qu'irlandais, puisqu'ils constituaient les descendants des presbytériens ayant immigré en Ulster lors de la colonisation de l'Irlande par l'Angleterre. They proclaimed that they were now states, no longer colonies.[50]. Les sept colonies de l'Amérique du Nord britannique (le Bas-Canada, le Haut-Canada, la Nouvelle-Écosse, le Nouveau-Brunswick, Terre-Neuve, l'Île-Saint-Jean et l'Île-du-Cap-Breton) comptaient à la toute fin  du 18e siècle quelque 390 000 habitants, à l'exclusion des autochtones. Comme l'île St John (Saint-Jean) appartenait à quelques dizaines de grands propriétaires terriens (anglais) qui supportaient mal la tutelle du gouvernement d'Halifax (Nouvelle-Écosse), l'île avait été détachée de la Nouvelle-Écosse en 1769. De plus, les réfugiés n'étaient pas convaincus de la loyauté des colons néo-écossais qui s'étaient montrés neutres durant la guerre. [213] Thomas Jefferson unsuccessfully attempted to include a section in the Declaration of Independence which asserted that King George III had "forced" the slave trade onto the colonies. He and his father never spoke again. [133][134] Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence, such as burning houses and tarring and feathering. Sauf quelques rares exceptions (comme les huguenots français), tous les loyalistes parlaient l'anglais avant leur arrivée au Canada. [244]: 235 [245]: 105–106 [246]: 186  As early as 1764, the Boston Patriot leader James Otis, Jr. declared that all men, "white or black", were "by the law of nature" born free. States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation, which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer. Elle entraîna, dans le seul camp américain, quelque 25 700 morts, ce qui la place au deuxième rang des guerres menées par les États-Unis (après la guerre civile de 1812). [210], The existence of slavery in the American colonies had attracted criticism from both sides of the Atlantic as many could not reconcile the existence of the institution with the egalitarian ideals espoused by leaders of the Revolution. Loyalists were excluded. La politique de discrimination à l'égard des loyalistes se traduisit par une redistribution des terres et, plus tard, une fuite massive vers la Canada, c'est-à-dire la Nouvelle-Écosse et la province de Québec. Le conflit entre la Grande-Bretagne et ses colonies rebelles se poursuivit jusqu'en 1781. The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state. Men were honor bound by civic obligation to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen. Dans une lettre secrète adressée à son ambassadeur à Philadelphie (alors capitale des États-Unis), le ministre Vergennes avait précisé en soulignant certains passages : Les députés du Congrès avaient proposé au roi de prendre l'engagement de favoriser la conquête que les Américains entreprendraient du Canada, de la Nouvelle-Écosse et des Florides, et il y a lieu de croire que le projet tient fort à coeur le Congrès, mais le roi a considéré que la possession de ces trois contrées, ou au moins du Canada par l'Angleterre, serait un principe utile d'inquiétude et de vigilance pour les Américains, qu'il leur fera sentir davantage le besoin qu'ils ont de l'amitié et de l'alliance du roi, et qu'il n'est pas dans son intérêt de le détruire. Lawrence Henry Gipson writes: It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo-French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763. [244]: 245  In 1775, the Quakers founded first antislavery society in the Western world, the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it. Many Loyalists had maintained strong and long-standing relations with Britain, especially merchants in port cities such as New York and Boston. He continued: There must be a positive Passion for the public good, the public Interest, Honour, Power, and Glory, established in the Minds of the People, or there can be no Republican Government, nor any real Liberty. Nevertheless, approximately eighty-five percent of the Loyalists stayed in the United States as American citizens, and some of the exiles later returned to the U.S.[271] Patrick Henry spoke of the issue of allowing Loyalists to return as such: "Shall we, who have laid the proud British lion at our feet, be frightened of its whelps?" En avril 1776, dans l'espoir de convaincre les Canadiens de se joindre à eux, les Américains envoyèrent à Montréal une délégation, dont Benjamin Frankland faisait partie. Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black veteran Patriots, counting the Continental Army and Navy, state militia units, privateers, wagoneers in the Army, servants to officers, and spies. Others were unemployed persons from the urban slums. The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions, and later largely determined the war effort at the state and local level. In that war against Britain, the US permanently established its territory and its citizenship independent of the British Empire. Retour avec Manon Bril sur un improbable trio de la fin du XVIII e siècle qui donna naissance à deux nations amies : Benjamin Franklin, La Fayette et Louis XVI. However, the British did sell them munitions and maintain forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 2021 | Classement de maturité : TV-MA | 1 h 38 min | Comédies salées. American Patriots tended to represent such troops as mercenaries in propaganda against the British Crown. In June 1772, American patriots, including John Brown, burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations, in what became known as the Gaspee Affair. Au cours des décennies suivantes, les langues parlées à l'île furent l'anglais, le gaélique écossais et le français acadien. Colonial reactions to these policies were mixed. They transferred control to the United States of all the land south of the Great Lakes east of the Mississippi and north of Florida. Au 17e siècle, les colonies connurent deux grandes vagues migratoires avec les Allemands (paysans et artisans) et les Irlando-Écossais appelés « Scotch-Irish ». Whatever gains they had made, however, women still found themselves subordinated, legally and socially, to their husbands, disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them. Parmi ces mercenaires allemands, environ 1 400 s'établiront dans la « province de Québec » à la fin des hostilités et la plupart d'entre eux s'assimileront en épousant des francophones. It is the world's first federal democratic republic founded on the consent of the governed. Le timbre en relief sur pap [20] Colonial wars fought in America were also a source of considerable tension. A part un petit nombre d'exceptions, ce sont les Européens qui en subirent l'effet. The bonds were redeemed in 1791 at face value, but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie, and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown. Les États-Unis ont vu leur territoire doublé, alors que celui de la « province de Québec » a été réduit du tiers. Corrections? [162], Thomas Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, after the Revolution had started. The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774, which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner. Pour comprendre l'importance des loyalistes lorsqu'ils arriveront au Canada, il faut savoir qui étaient ces gens implantés dans les colonies de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. The Quakers continued to do business with the British even after the war began, and they were accused of supporting British rule, "contrivers and authors of seditious publications" critical of the revolutionary cause. [54] By June, nine Provincial Congresses were ready for independence; one by one, the last four fell into line: Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and New York. Elle récupérait plus de 100 000 loyalistes qui quittèrent les colonies anglaises devenues les États-Unis, car il n'y avait plus de place pour eux. Even after the war, Frederick II predicted that the United States was too large to operate as a republic, and that it would soon rejoin the British Empire with representatives in Parliament.[191]. "[266], The Revolution sparked a discussion on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women's participation in politics. The British set up a network of forts inland, hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag. The most basic features of republicanism anywhere are a representational government in which citizens elect leaders from among themselves for a predefined term, as opposed to a permanent ruling class or aristocracy, and laws are passed by these leaders for the benefit of the entire republic. La vraie révolution américaine consiste dans un nouveau. He argued that local colonial governments had raised, outfitted, and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France in just the French and Indian War alone—as many as Britain itself sent—and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so. de Rousseau dans la formation dé la pensée des promoteurs de la Révolution américaine ou dans celle des auteurs de la Constitution des Etats-Unis. Free blacks in the New England Colonies and Middle Colonies in the North as well as Southern Colonies fought on both sides of the War, but the majority fought for the Patriots. L'objectif était clair : le Canada devait demeurer une colonie britannique afin de constituer dans le voisinage des États-Unis une menace permanente qui les forcerait à demeurer fidèles à l'alliance et permettrait à la France de jouir pleinement des avantages de son assistance politique et militaire, notamment l'acquisition du fabuleux commerce que la Grande-Bretagne pourrait perdre par l'indépendance américaine. There were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga. La révolution a permit aux colonies d'avoir une meilleure économie et avoir une liberté. Depuis le 17e siècle, ils avaient été très majoritairement des Anglais, mais la diversité ethnique était déjà réelle par la présence de Suédois, de Hollandais et de Noirs. The affair was investigated for possible treason, but no action was taken. Enfin, la création de la nouvelle colonie à l'ouest du Québec fermait toute possibilité d'expansion des francophones vers le «pays d'en haut», dorénavant appelé le Haut-Canada. En 1784, la Nouvelle-Écosse comptait 32 000 habitants considérés comme anglophones (anglais, écossais, allemands, américains), incluant l'île du Cap-Breton; à ce nombre il faut ajouter les Acadiens de langue française dont la population était d'environ 10 000. Avant l'arrivée des loyalistes (35 000), la population d'origine britannique comptait environ 12 000 habitants. Brunsman, Denver, and David J Silverman, eds. In the south, both sides offered freedom to slaves who would perform military service. [132], Historians in the early 20th century such as J. Franklin Jameson examined the class composition of the Patriot cause, looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution. Le ministre iranien des Affaires étrangères, Hossein Amir Abdollahian a déclaré que l'échange de messages sur les négociations pour la levée des sanctions se poursuivait : Nous avons défini des étapes sur la voie de l'accord, et je pense que l'une de ces étapes sera mise en œuvre dans un avenir proche. ); il restait en français des noms tels que Gaspé (toponyme amérindien), Montréal, Saint-Maurice, Orléans et Québec. The Americans struggled to pay off the loans; they ceased making interest payments to France in 1785 and defaulted on installments due in 1787. He expressed interest in opening trade with the United States and bypassing English ports, and allowed an American agent to buy arms in Prussia. British writer Samuel Johnson wrote "how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of the Negroes?" [26][27], Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765, which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina. Colonial assemblies and town meetings were restricted, new taxes were levied, and rights were abridged. [165], There were 500 to 1,000 Black Loyalists, enslaved African Americans who escaped to British lines and supported Britain's cause via several means. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. [1] The passage of the Stamp Act of 1765 imposed internal taxes on official documents, newspapers and most things printed in the colonies, which led to colonial protest and the meeting of representatives from several colonies at the Stamp Act Congress. 1763: Traité de Paris 1773: Boston Tea Party 1776: . À partir de 1784, plus de 500 loyalistes vinrent s'établir à l'île Saint-Jean. From the beginning, sea power was vital in determining the course of the war, lending to British strategy a flexibility that helped compensate for the comparatively small numbers of troops sent to America and ultimately enabling the French to help bring about the final British surrender at Yorktown. Par contre, certains anglophones installés dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent acceptèrent mal non seulement d'être soumis aux lois civiles françaises, mais aussi de dépendre de seigneurs francophones (même si le quart des seigneuries appartenait à des anglophones). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [69][d] However, the British continued formal and informal assistance to Indian tribes making war on US citizens over the next three decades, which contributed to a "Second American Revolution" in the War of 1812. Allison, David, and Larrie D. Ferreiro, eds. . B ) Une puissance politique [176] A woman's loyalty to her husband could become an open political act, especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King. English: Set of 14 statues in Washington, DC, that have been inscribed on the National Register of Historic Places in a single, collective listing. Beaucoup de loyalistes se joignirent à des unités de milices levées à divers endroits, telles que les Butler's Rangers, les Roger's Rangers, le Jessup' Corps, le King's Royal Regiment of New York, etc. During the war, the British commanders attempted to weaken the Patriots by issuing proclamations of freedom to their slaves. Chance, luck, and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles." Men must be ready, they must pride themselves, and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures, Passions, and Interests, nay their private Friendships and dearest connections, when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society. That same year, Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue, but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves. Bref, le sentiment d'appartenance à l'Amérique n'était pas encore développé au point de rallier tout le monde. The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging, and they have become iconic events of the war. Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable, so they determined to station them in America and have the Americans pay them through the new tax. However, they seriously misunderstood the depth of support for the American Patriot position and ignored the advice of General Gage, misinterpreting the situation as merely a large-scale riot. De plus, les loyalistes étaient habitués dans les Treize Colonies de se gouverner. The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and settled the issue of the western territories, which the states ceded to Congress. En 1798, le nom de St. John Island fut changé en Prince Edward Island (en français : Île-du-Prince-Édouard) en l'honneur du prince Edward, duc de Kent (1767-1820), fils du roi George III et père de la reine Victoria; le prince Edward commandait alors les troupes britanniques à Halifax. This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution. Le lieutenant-gouverneur Carleton s'organisa pour que les nouvelles concessions de terre soient accordées non seulement aux loyalistes, mais aussi aux Acadiens. Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean. The total number of the former provided by quotas from the states throughout the conflict was 231,771 men, and the militias totaled 164,087. ", Wood, Gordon S. "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution. Les langues les plus courantes étaient l'anglais, l'écossais, l'irlandais et le français. [120] Before the Revolution, the Southern Colonies and three of the New England Colonies had official established churches: Congregational in Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, and the Church of England in Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Mary BethNorton, "The fate of some Black Loyalists of the American Revolution. This would reduce the influence of colonial representatives over their government. Lord North again requested that he also be allowed to resign, but he stayed in office at George III's insistence. There still were many Loyalists, but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776, and all of the Royal officials had fled. [original research?] The British were, however, reacting to an entirely different issue: at the conclusion of the recent war the Crown had to deal with approximately 1,500 politically well-connected British Army officers. Les Canadiens de langue française démontraient ainsi qu'il leur était possible d'être à la fois catholiques et francophones tout en demeurant loyal envers la Couronne anglaise, ce qui, à cette époque, semblait impensable en Grande-Bretagne. En 1776, c'est la guerre d'Indépendance américaine contre la domination anglaise. The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties. The King drafted an abdication notice, which was never delivered,[145][154] finally accepted the defeat in North America, and authorized peace negotiations. [76] On the other hand, Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans, and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win. La Révolution américaine : Le film. The Charleston move is part of a broader British strategy to hang on to the southern colonies, at least, now that the war is stalemated in Pennsylvania and New York. [163] Paine presented the Revolution as the solution for Americans alarmed by the threat of tyranny. [46][47] The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action, but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition, in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George. [60], Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776, and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Harvard University Press. Lord Germain took a hard line, but the British generals on American soil never held treason trials, and instead treated captured American soldiers as prisoners of war. Britain did this primarily by imposing a series of deeply unpopular laws and taxes, including the Sugar Act (1764), the Stamp Act (1765), and the so-called Intolerable Acts (1774). This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes, but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar. [110] Locke's ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking of English writers such as John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, and Benjamin Hoadly, whose political ideas in turn also had a strong influence on the American Patriots.[111]. [91][92] Another was to delay actual payments, pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency, and promise that it would be made good after the war. "An Interview with Historian Gordon Wood on the New York Times 1619 Project," World Socialist Web Site, wsws.org, November 28, 2019, Retrieved, October 10, 2020", "Mackaman, Tom. Quant à ceux qui habitaient plus ou moins légalement à Terre-Neuve — il était alors officiellement interdit de s'installer dans l'île —, ils vivaient loin des soucis de la Révolution américaine et des sentiments patriotiques des Américains pour envisager quelque appui que ce soit. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. En raison des persécutions religieuses en France, des milliers d'huguenots avaient émigré dans les colonies anglaises d'Amérique parce que leur présence était en principeinterdite en Nouvelle-France; l'un des premiers recensements à la suite de la Révolution américaine révéla la présence de plus de 100 000 Américains d'origine huguenote, donc française. D'une part, il ralliait les Canadiens français à sa cause, car la menace d'une guerre avec les États-Unis demeurait toujours présente (elle éclatera en 1812). [227] The Revolutionary War victory not only established the United States as the first modern constitutional republic, but marked the transition from an age of monarchy to a new age of freedom by inspiring similar movements worldwide. En 1775, c'est le début de la révolution américaine. When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products, the colonial and local Committees took charge, examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods.[39]. Lorsque, en juillet 1776, le Congrès proclama la République, près du tiers de la population des Treize Colonies protesta, car ces opposants considéraient que c'était aller trop loin dans la contestation. [8], King Philip's War was fought from 1675 to 1678 between the New England colonies and a handful of indigenous tribes. Ce n'était pas toujours aisé et la situation se compliqua, car les loyalistes voulurent aussi avoir des églises protestantes et des écoles anglaises. Armed volunteer units of the Protestant Ascendancy were set up ostensibly to protect against an invasion from France. [220] John Murrin, by contrast, argues that the definition of "the people" at that time was mostly restricted to free men who passed a property qualification. On February 6, 1778, the United States and France signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance. Puis il faudra le traité de Versailles (1783) pour la confirmation officielle du nouvel État. [208], Davis underscores the British dilemma: "Britain, when confronted by the rebellious American colonists, hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave-holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure". For instance, South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight, migration, or death which amounted to a third of its slave population. [12] New Englanders were encouraged, however, by a change of government in England which saw James II effectively abdicate, and a populist uprising in New England overthrew Dominion rule on April 18, 1689. [272], The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory[273] as the story of the nation's founding. Mais, en 1785, DesBarres fixa la capitale près de la baie des Espagnols (ou Spanish Bay, maintenant le port de Sydney) et la baptisa en l'honneur de Thomas Townshend (1733-1800), premier vicomte de Sydney et secrétaire de l'Intérieur (1783 à 1789) dans le cabinet britannique de l'époque. Bataille de la Martinique entre Rodney et Guichen 17 avril 1780.jpeg 540 × 467; . In the winter of 1775, the Americans invaded newly-British Quebec under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery, expecting to rally sympathetic colonists there. C'est le gouvernement britannique qui avait décidé, contre la volonté du gouverneur Carleton (devenu lord Dorchester), de diviser ainsi la province de Québec, car il avait estimé que c'était le meilleur moyen de satisfaire les intérêts à la fois des loyalistes et des Canadiens français. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The great majority became efficient soldiers as a result of sound training and ferocious discipline. [167] Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King, such as Flora MacDonald, a Scottish settler in the backcountry. [207] In the November 1775 document known as Dunmore's Proclamation Virginia royal governor, Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom, protection for their families, and land grants.

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