Devolution does not involve a change to the government's constitution, so the authority given to the local levels can be taken away at any time. Alternatively, a region may be populated by a particular ethnicity that has its own identity different than the dominant ethnic identity in the nation. Citing rampant corruption, military leaders dissolved the first and second republics and did not allow the third to exist. The kids living on the main floors don't have an issue because it's easy to either quickly heat or cool their rooms when they get home. Under centralized power, the parents could make a rule that the heating and cooling system is not allowed to run during the day while no one is in the house. To ease this tension, the U.K. and Northern Ireland signed the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement. She's still a member of the household, but she can make more decisions for herself. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. Nigeria is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; there are 774 local government areas. Successes of Nigeria's devolutionary strategy include a constitution that guarantees basic freedoms and allows people to rule themselves according to different forms and combinations of laws. a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and ofter fragmented by aggressive rivals. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. 1. For example, the European Union has played a role in encouraging devolution within its member states as a way to promote regional integration and cooperation. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. As with any colonial regime, tactics of divide and conquer ended up pitting ethnic nations against each other, a recipe for disaster for an independent Nigeria. Northern Ireland has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and economic development within its borders. Devolution is often seen as a way to address regional or local differences and to give more control to the people who are most affected by certain policies. Describe how cultural diversity contributes to devolutionary pressures within a country. Decolonization: Many regions that were conquered during colonial times are wanting to become independent and sovereign nations. Other shared traditions around religion, clothing, food, and language can also unite people. The _______ was the British-governed territory in northern Nigeria? 1a. Autonomous regions are often established as a way to give more control to regional or local authorities and to allow for the recognition of regional or local differences. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. Disputes often arise over boundaries when countries disagree over the superimposed boundaries that split ethnic groups. During referendums, regions such as Catalonia, Quebec, and Scotland have seen 40% or more of their populations vote in favor of secession (complete separation), but these places have not achieved independence. Widely seen as massively corrupt, this republic was overthrown by the military under General I.B. But so far, devolution in Nigeria has worked without military rule now for over two decades. The states were required to revise district boundaries based on census data. All the kids have to follow the rules regardless of which room they occupy. To somewhat reduce the scope of power exercised by the central government, the socialist government of Pres. For many countries, the answer might be "with a military dictatorship or a police state" because this could seem the easiest solution. 1 0 obj Cultural Geography: conflicts - Harper College FRQ #2 - devolution Flashcards | Quizlet As boundaries change, the political geography of the Earth changes with it. AP HUG Free-Response Questions (FRQ) - Past Prompts The table below shows and explains three important historical reasons for devolution. A federal state gives local political units like states or provinces within that country a measure of power. FRQ Examples Free-Response Question 1: No stimulus For FRQ 1, you will receive a short piece of background text followed by a series of questions. In Nigeria, with climate change, access to medicines that make cattle more resistant to diseases and the tsetse fly, and government support, Fulani pastoralists have been forced or enabled (depending on whether you take the side of the herders or the farmers) to move ever southward through the Middle Belt. Devolution is the decentralization of power from a central government to regional governments to allow ethnic nations and other groups a degree of autonomy; this can ease tensions and guard against regions seceding and forming their own countries, as Biafra did in Nigeria. Devolution can take many forms, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are transferred can vary depending on the context. How do you hold together a country comprised of hundreds of ethnic nations when some of those nations wish to break away and form their own countries and others don't get along with each other? The main reason that centralized governments give way to devolution and a decentralized model is because the different regions under the central government have vastly different ethnic, religions and traditional heritages. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Professor of Political Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, and Director of Policy and Research at Search for Common Ground USA. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? 4 0 obj The Black Sea peninsula with its predominantly ethnic Russian population became a part of Ukraine in 1954, when both Russia and Ukraine were part of the Soviet Union. Many of Nigeria's ethnic groups once ruled powerful states such as the Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903, Fulani), the Kanem-Bornu Empire (which lasted over 1,000 years), and so forth. Devolution | government and politics | Britannica A leading example of devolution was the delegation in 1998 and 1999 of substantial powers and authority in the United Kingdom to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Though the ethnic hatreds across Nigeria involving Fulani cannot be understated, it is the pastoralists' encroachment on the former Biafra separatist region in the southeast that is creating the greatest devolutionary threat. Scottish independence movement: The Scottish independence movement is a political movement in Scotland that seeks independence from the United Kingdom. Those independent countries, however, are still experiencing the after-effects of European influence and struggle with economic and political unrest. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. Three Basic Devolutionary Forces 1) Ethic Forces 2) Economic Forces 3) Spatial Forces Ethic Forces (ethnocentral) A state contains strong ethnic groups with identities that differ from those of the majority. Throughout history, there have been examples of devolution in some of the major countries that still exist today. Which of the following is NOT a group seeking to secede from or otherwise separate from Nigeria? Unit 4 - Political Geography (Ch. 8) | Geography - Quizizz Our planet is divided into political units called countries or states. Shatterbelt. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Examples of spatial factors causing devolution are Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesians. He's taught grades 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8. For example, national holidays bring people together and enforce the cohesion of the group. Examples of spatial factors causing devolution are Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesians. Forces that Lead to Devolution These areas have some local autonomy because the physical barriers make it difficult for a central government to rule. of the users don't pass the Devolution in Nigeria quiz! Winning the vote, a Scottish Parliament and Welsh National Assembly were established in those countries. Sovereignty is the internationally recognized exercise of a countrys power over its people and territory. A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. W~Xz~8:r/{*Ym3CV@b8h* 4Gaso!X{\(YLMP$'HR$pm@xaisY9ikOApn~ERp@&_ws4MLp_ZcO'v:L$5|)TdX & gtf. Customary law is the fourth category and recognizes the customs, traditions, and ruling structures of hundreds of ethnic nations. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. For example, supporters of states' rights in the United States favoured diffusing power away from Washington, D.C., toward state and local governments. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Flemish culture and language, and to give the people of Flanders more control over their own affairs. They begrudgingly admired Northerners as "civilized" because of the scholarly written Islamic tradition stretching back centuries. This agreement established a devolved government in Northern Ireland. Corrections? Quebec: Quebec is an autonomous region in eastern Canada with its own parliament, government, and language. The parents own the house and make the rules. Updates? Yugoslavia ethnic and religious, violent "ethnic cleansing", separate nations Balkanization. This desire for greater autonomy can lead to protest, and even violence. She and her parents often fight about curfews, how often she cleans her room, and even her use of the air conditioning. 2: Biafra map (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg) by Eric Gaba (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Sting) licensed by CC BY-S.A 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Fig. Separatist groups include the Moros of the Philippines, the Basques of Spain, and the Sikhs in India. In some cases, sub-nationalism may be motivated by a sense of injustice or discrimination, or by a desire to have a greater say in the decisions that affect the region or locality. And if you travel to Barcelona, it's more likely you'll see the Catalonian flag than the Spanish flag waving from rooftops. Autonomous regions are often established in federal systems of government, where power is divided between the central government and regional or local authorities. Countries with remote frontiers, isolated villages, rugged topography, or islands seek to be separate from their countrys central government. Agricultural Hearths | Diffusion of Agriculture, Geography & Origins, Service Distribution: Central Place Theory & Market-Area Analysis. Cultural diversity 2. Relinquishing of autonomy to internal units, Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. The kids living in the third floor attic follow the same rules as the kids living in the basement room. You will need to know the forces that may lead to the devolution of states including physical geography, ethnic separatism, economic, and spatial factors. endobj Answer: Divisive forces threaten a country's sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale. That region may request a devolved government to govern itself in a way that's more relevant to its unique needs. Those countries were either dictatorships or had fragile democratic systems, but even advanced democracies with devolved powers (e.g., Spain, Canada, UK), also have regions where sentiment and actions have favored secession. Ethnic nations have rivalries stretching back centuries. Fig. England has still. Devolution: A Canadian Solution to Excessive Federal Ownership of Imperialism and colonialism highlight how boundaries were superimposed and that countries with multi-ethnic populations are in conflict because of artificial boundaries forced on them by European powers. - Definitions, Laws & Rules, What Is Parole? The Western Region, already dissolving from infighting, was not happy about this. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. endobj Devolution in the UK is always a struggle due to the very different cultural differences between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Groups that have ethno-nationalist views see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. Ethnonationalism Farming, Ranching & Gardening in Most-Developed Countries, Agricultural Production Regions Associated With Bioclimatic Zones, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The movement of power from a central government to regional governments (or subnational governments). The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. Breakup of a state (balkanization), Breakup of a state, e.g., Yugoslavia/Balkans, former U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Austria-Hungary, British India. B. Economic Devolutionary Forces Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements 3a. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. **Distance Decay** Examples of physical/spatial factors include: Corsica for France, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesia The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. F. Identify and explain one political impact resulting from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in either Spain or Nigeria. The Kashmir area between India and Pakistan can feel isolated because it is separated by the Himalayan and Pir Panjal mountains. If you chose religion as a centripetal force, you might talk about Hinduism in . Nigeria has a court system that combines a US-like structure but incorporates four types of law to accommodate its history and culture. The 1998 Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) granted Northern Ireland its own parliament, restoring the political autonomy it had lost when direct rule from London was imposed in the 1970s. Similar forces are also felt in other regions of the world. Devolution threatens to lead to state collapse due to inter-ethnic strife and hatred, perceived unequal treatment by the federal government, corruption, and unequal access to resources such as oil. Devolutionary pressures result in increased autonomy for a region. Usman dan Fodio founded what state in the 1800s? These organizations range from stateless terrorist groups to cultural minorities within the state, to other countries seeking to expand their political-territorial aims. endobj Devolutionary Forces Flashcards | Quizlet The process of moving from centralized to decentralized power is called devolution. Some of the world's most contentious and vexing disputes involve territory in: Crimea. The creation of new countries has been possible as a result of devolutionary forces. The attic kids, however, find it impossible to cool down their room in the summer because it gets so hot during the day. In simple terms, devolution is when a centralized governing power chooses to relinquish some power and authority to the smaller governing regions within their power. After Tito died in 1980, there were years of uncertainty and unrest. Because the Northern Region dominated in population and land area, they also dominated in politics, with their parties taking the most parliamentary seats. Examples of devolution include systems in place in Canada, Spain, Belgium, the UK, and Nigeria. Separatists from the Basque region have plagued Spain with violence for a long time. Sub-nationalists are individuals or groups who advocate for greater autonomy or self-determination for a particular region or locality within a country. He has a Masters in Education from Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. Create your account, 21 chapters | So, what can you expect to be on the AP Human Geography exam? Fig. Devolution has also occurred in Finland, where the government has granted significant autonomy to the largely Swedish-speaking population of the land Islands; in Spain, where regional governments (particularly the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and Andalusia) have enjoyed extensive powers; and in Italy, where several regions have been granted special autonomy by the central government. % This process of decentralization distributes power to territories that want more authority over their own affairs. Farmers resent crop destruction by cattle; pastoralists resent farmers blocking cattle from free movement and water sources. C. Describe how regional economic differences contribute to devolutionary pressures within a country. His strength is in educational content writing and technology in the classroom, Erin has taught English and History.