To this aim, the major area of improvement was identified in the planning of acquisitions. Processed and distributed by e-GEOS. COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation (CSG) is the follow-on mission to COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) assuring continuity and improvement of the supply of SAR services through data and products, to preserve and enhance the ability of customers and operational users to fulfil their mandates. The CSG-SAR SAS is developed on the basis of the large experience gained on previous designs carried out at TAS (Thales Alenia Space) such as CSK-SAR and the KOMPSAT-5 SAR. The second COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellite (CSG) funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) with funds allocated by the Ministry of University and Research and the Ministry of Defence, was launched successfully today by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket at 00:11 a.m. CET from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.. The COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellites carry a SAR instrument operating in the X-band. - Optimizing the overall image data collection process through the effective and automatic coordination of the different sensors/missions tasking (e.g. - Stripmap is a mode at medium resolution conceived for supporting products at 40 km of swath width, in either single (HH or HV or VV or VH) or dual polarization (HH&HV or VV&VH). The TTDL consists of three RF hybrids and a digital power card to supply and drive the RF hybrids. Four implementations of this technique have been envisaged in order to achieve various performance figures in terms of resolution, swath and polarization. - Enhanced EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem) for an increased peak power required by the payload and longer operational life. The launch of a COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation FM2 satellite from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station had to be halted on Sunday after a cruise ship. In particular, the two DI2S operative modes (MS-OR and MS-OS) allow to optimize the resolution or swath performance, respectively. Therefore, each acquisition request will be considered suitable or not for the specific acquisition plan, according to the actual availability of system resources. Processed and distributed by e-GEOS. Furthermore, two lateral power cards implement the power conditioning for the two columns of TRMs, including storage capacitors and implementation of switching commands, while the central digital card, FPGA based, drives the modules in terms of amplitude and phase settings and selection of Tx and Rx polarizations. In its most common form, the interface defines which logic functionalities and activities a class has to perform, but not how. Details about the data provision, data access conditions and quota assignment procedure are described in the CSG Terms of Applicability. Tel: +39 (0)6 415 129 91      stripmap) taken at mid resolution (i.e. The booster was originally built as a side booster for the triple-core Falcon Heavy rocket and flew on the second and third Falcon Heavy missions in 2019. It's the second of four new satellites to replace an original four. The suite of different image topologies and characteristics supported by the COSMO Second Generation, compared with CSK, are shown in Figure 1. COSMO-SkyMed's data is marketed throughout the world by e-GEOS, a joint venture between Telespazio (80%) and ASI (20%). Furthermore, the ‘new’ CSG GS will sustain all the transition process that, while supporting CSG system deployment and qualification, will still maintain the CSK functionalities and operations in the both Defence and Civilian domains. The TCU is used to drive the settings of all the TRMs of the 8 EFEs (Electronic Front Ends) and of the 4 TDs. The radar antenna is a phased array that is 1.4 × 5.7 m (4 ft 7 in × 18 ft 8 in). "The success of this launch represents a key milestone for the entire COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation constellation. While the Quad-Pol will be a specific imaging mode, the Dual-Pol feature will be available for all the standard imaging modes. Spotlight 2 mode), throughout wide field images (i.e. with the contribution Artistic image of a COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellite. The commands are a set of methods that a class implements. As for the WFG ASIC, in order to support the required processing speed, an implementation based on a 180 nm ATC ASIC has been chosen. This kind of integration provides the possibility of accessing the catalogue of Partner’s EO systems, searching for given products, ordering them, and receiving the queried products. dual polarization). Partnerships and interoperability with foreign EO systems is also felt to be a primary characteristic of the COSMO-SkyMed System. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6). The CSG-SAR is equipped with an active phased array antenna, providing electronic beam steering capabilities in both the elevation plane and the azimuth plane. The images are used to map topographical features. Also the radar payload CSG-SAR (COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an improved version of the first generation X-band SAR payload. - The introduction of a new planning capability enabling the pre-allocation of orbit resources for mid-term planning. Squinted acquisitions on Theater Scenario can be used to serve more requests in a defined area, that otherwise could not be served because in conflict for time gap violation. Processed and distributed by e-GEOS. • the number of external stations (i.e. Regardless of the capabilities supported, there are three possible expandability scenarios according to the alignment degree between the interfaces supported by CSG and the Foreign Mission ones. As such, the dual system interfaces fulfill the contrasting civilian and military utilization needs providing two classes of separate and differently protected interfaces respectively to: - Unclassified Domain, protected at commercial standard level for civilian utilization. Figure 8 (top right) shows how the four targets can be imaged in a single “theatre acquisition”, where the imaging of all the targets (including T1 and T4) is performed while the satellite changes its attitude (pitch maneuvering); Figure 8 (bottom) shows the alternative approach based on the DI2S (Discrete Stepped Strip) Multi-swath, still under evaluation, that allows imaging simultaneously T2 and T3 preserving the nominal (i.e. The PDHT instrumentation is composed by following main assemblies / units: 9). [3] The prime contractor for the spacecraft was Thales Alenia Space. Processed and distributed by e-GEOS. In the past the same result was obtained with multiple passes of the satellite. In 2020, Telespazio generated sales of EUR 540 million while employing 3,000 people in nine countries. The new SAR instrument represents the true enabling core of the CSG system. The personnel needed to operate the CIL will be kept at minimum, thereby minimizing lifecycle costs. The temperature sensing block relies on a thermistor, which is read by the EFE digital section in order to compensate versus temperature all the TRMs of one macro-tile. The down-converter is based on a double conversion of frequency and comprises 2 parallel receiving chains for supporting the modes which require simultaneous dual polarization on receive. 1) Spotlight-1A is a very high resolution mode at single polarization. Thales Alenia Space is responsible for the entire COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation programme, including satellite planning and development and design, integration and commissioning of the end-to-end system. • CHEOPS (CHaracterizing ExOPlanets Satellite) minisatellite of ESA with a mass of 300 kg. The first satellite of the COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation was launched in December 2019 and the second satellite was launched in January 2022. COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation © ASI. Availability of upcoming viewing opportunities is dependent upon the scheduled launch time and is subject to NASA and U.S. Space Force approval. The Hofsjökull Glacier in Iceland. • A monopropellant propulsion system with 154 kg of hydrazine and dual branch with 6 thrusters. The COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellite will guarantee a quantum leap in terms of technology, performance and service life, consequently, strengthening Italian leadership in the Earth Observation sector on a global level. On the other hand, proper auxiliary features such as instrument control, timing, generation of reference frequencies and internal calibration are crucial in order to undertake these tasks in accordance with the required functionalities and performance. The new functions and the upgrading of system functionalities/performances have been analyzed and introduced in the CSG architecture, considering the objective of reusing the existing asset as much as possible. Amazon forest) have also been included in the architecture. In the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System of Honghe Hani, in China, rice plantations and traditional terracing techniques combine with the importance of aquatic biodiversity celebrated in the local culture. The units that constitute the AVS are the SMU, sun sensors, gyro, magnetometer, star tracker, GPS receiver, magnetic torque rods, reaction wheels and CMG assembly. CSG-SAR is capable of performing the ScanSAR acquisitions in dual polarisation through ScanSAR-1 or ScanSAR-2 modes. The OOP interfaces define a standardized set of commands that a class will obey. In the frame of COSMO Second Generation (CSG), an overall service is exchanged between providers and consumers identified at system level, according to the system context diagram (thus exchanged between the CSG system and its external entities). The IC section comprises the following main functional blocks: • CCU (Core Control Unit), which is devoted to communicate with the spacecraft through the 1553 data bus and to manage the command and control protocol of the SAR Instrument. In emergency services, rapid response is paramount. In order to support a complete calibration of the module, a coupler is inserted between the circulator and the antenna port. The up-converter includes also a frequency multiplier, which contributes to bring the center of the spectrum of the pulse up to the frequency used for its transmission and moreover stretches the bandwidth of the signal. Each macro-tile will be capable to manage signals at a very large pulse bandwidth and to simultaneously receive radar signals in H and V polarizations, through two independent channels. Spotlight, Stripmap, ScanSAR), exhibiting both fine on-ground resolutions and wide swath, introducing a double polarization information as well. • The CSG ground segment will be upgraded upgraded from the CSK implementation to complement the CSG space segment innovations necessary to manage, control, and utilize a system with an increased performance. ”Arianespace’s last mission of the year a complete success: COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation, CHEOPS, OPS-SAT, EyeSat and ANGELS now in orbit,” Arianespace, 18 December 2019, URL: https://www.arianespace.com/press-release/. Indeed, the CSG-SAR imaging capabilities at different resolution and sizes will include narrow field images taken at very high resolution (i.e. - Generalized Service: equivalent (CSK and CSG mission) or combined products (multi-mission). With the increased frequency of shipping activities, such as tourism and transport of freights, navigation safety has become a major concern. It must be remarked, that all these aspects were already embedded in CSK CALVAL, but the importance acquired during the operative phase led to clear those concepts up. Challenging but very interesting experimental modes are introduced exploiting some engineering and technological improvements: - DI2S Spotlight-1 (DIscrete Stepped Strip): MS-OR (Multi-Swath Optimized Resolution), - DI2S Spotlight-2 (DIscrete Stepped Strip): MS-OS (Multi-Swath Optimized Swath). Moreover, from a calibration point of view, the required enhanced performances of geolocation led to the definition of dedicated models, as well as to the implementation of accurate analysis tools for the performance assessment and the generation of the related calibration tables. The Soyuz 2-1b (Soyuz ST-B) rocket used a Fregat upper stage. 2) Spotlight-1B is a very high resolution mode at dual polarization. - Pre-booking and last minute planning refinement: This function allows users to preliminary define an area of interest and then refine their acquisition order as late as possible. 22). This involves in particular the design of the SAR central electronics and active phased array antenna with respect to CSK 1st generation. Italy's second generation COSMO- SkyMed constellation of two satellites, also referred to as CSG (COSMO-SkyMed Seconda Generazione) , aims at improving the quality of the imaging service, providing the end users with enhanced capabilities in terms of higher number of images and image quality (larger swath and finer spatial and radiometric … The interface definition states the names of the methods and their return types and argument signatures. INNOVA Consorzio per l'Informatica e la Telematica s.r.l. COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation © ASI. Stephen Clark, ”Launch Schedule,” Spaceflight Now, 15 August 2018, URL: Enrico Zampolini Faustini, Matteo Piemontese, ”COSMO Second Generation — State of art technologies and system innovations for Earth Observation servicing excellence,” ASi Workshop, Rome, Italy, 13-15 November 2017, URL: https://bandiasi.almaviva.it/sites/default/files/attach/evento/02_asi_workshop_15-11-2017_csg_state_of_art_technologies_final.pdf. CSG satellites feature a 3-axis stabilisation system with a gyroscope, sun sensors and STT (Star Tracker). SpaceX is launching the COSMO-SkyMed 2nd Generation FM2 radar surveillance satellite aboard its Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The expandability can also be thought of as the system scalability aiming to ensure that: • the CSK GS and the Integrated Logistic Support and Operations (ILS&OPS) Segment can be expanded to include: (i) up to six civilian UGS (User Ground Segment) instances; (ii) up to six defense UGS instances; (iii) up to six Distant Cells per UGS; (iv) a number of MAPS (Mobile Acquisition and Processing Stations) per each UGS deployed, • the UGS can be expanded in terms of processing capability in order to meet higher production volumes in case of increase of the production requirements. While for the priority requests a rank-based planning strategy will be used, this background acquisitions will be planned in order to optimize and fully exploit all the imaging resources of the system. 9.6 GHz (adaptable to possible ITU regulation update), Possible ITU regulation regarding bandwidth, Number of TRMs (Transmit Receive Modules), 1280 @ H polarization and 1280 @ V polarization, 10:6, 10:5, 10:4, 10:3, 10:2, 10:1, 10:10. 19), • EyeSat, a 3U CubeSat (5 kg) student satellite of the University Technological Institute (IUT) in Cachan, France and CNES. 4) Spotlight-2B is a high resolution mode at dual polarization. zero Doppler) imaging condition for T1 and T4. Keeping in mind the major constraints of continuity, maximum reuse and cost reductions, the new demanding needs of the CSG mission in terms of image quality performances led then to the evolution of CSK Calibration and Validation functions and capabilities (CSK CALVAL). Therefore, although the system architecture definition process generally applies a top-down design approach, a parallel bottom-up approach has been considered to take into account the physical elements already developed and operating. A. It is based on filtered orbits, provided several times per day by the Flight Dynamics Subsystems. • XBAA (X-Band Transmission Assembly): XBAA is required to transmit the X-band signals to the ground, according to the defined performance, supporting the spacecraft right and left looking modes. 4) The fourth type of X-UGS expandability requires the Partner X-UGS to manage the Service Request up to the Feasibility Analysis, whereas the Italian X-UGS is in charge of managing the ranking, addressing acquisition and processing on behalf of the partner. In accordance with the approach successfully experienced in the CSK mission, the architecture of the SES is designed to enable the selection of two different receiving schemes: deramp-on-receive, for the Spotlight modes, and standard superheterodyne, for all the other modes. - Geolocation accuracy: CSG features different levels of geolocation accuracy, depending on the availability of orbital data of in-creased accuracy: a) “fast delivery” accuracy: 25 m (3σ). cinzia.marcanio@thalesaleniaspace.com, Marija Kovac                   This plan harmonizes the activities required to deploy the CSG system and those already foreseen in the frame of the CSK MCO (Mantenimento in Condizioni Operative) contract in order to minimize the impact on the CSK operations and services. ”The first COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation satellite has been launched successfully,”Telespazio, 18 December 2019, URL: https://www.telespazio.com/en/news-and-stories-detail/-/detail/. CSG-1 was launched on 18 December 2019 by Soyuz ST-A from Centre spatial Guyanais (CSG). town of chatham, ny zoning map,

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